INTERTWINED PATHOLOGIES: CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND HEART DISEASE WITH A FOCUS ON CARDIORENAL SYNDROME
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a complex and serious condition characterized by the simultaneous worsening of heart and kidney function. It is a bidirectional relationship, meaning that heart dysfunction can lead to kidney dysfunction, and vice versa. CRS is a major public health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide.
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of CRS, covering its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. The paper also discusses the five main subtypes of CRS: Type 1 CRS (acute decompensated heart failure leading to acute kidney injury), Type 2 CRS (chronic heart failure leading to chronic kidney disease), Type 3 CRS (acute kidney injury leading to acute cardiac dysfunction), Type 4 CRS (chronic kidney disease leading to acute cardiac dysfunction), and Type 5 CRS (de novo or worsening CHF and CKD occurring within 7 days of each other).
The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of early detection, multidisciplinary care, and ongoing monitoring for improving the outcomes of patients with CRS.
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Copyright (c) 2025 DR BIJITA MANDAL BG (Author)
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